模糊度紊亂度當量(equivalency between fuzziness and randomness)

•模糊度/渾沌度(fuzziness)
–模糊/渾沌(fuzzy)
–模糊理論/渾沌理論(fuzzy theory)
–歸屬度函數(membership function)
–混淆(ambiguity)
–並非不可能(possible)
•紊亂度(randomness)
–隨機(stochastic)
–機率(probability)
–密度函數(density function)
–誤差(error)
–有可能(probable)

隔離網(Mesh) vs. 隔離板(Sheet)

•Assumption, the Minimum Operating Wavelength,
–Lambda = 3e8/2e9 = 0.15m (@2GHz)
•Rule of Thumb, the Required Diameter of Mesh,
–D < Lambda/32 = 1.5/32 = 4.6875e-3m = 0.4675cm (less than 2GHz)

Coexistence Handshake

•WiFi Side
–Handshake by wires (Host interface SDIO or User interface GPIO) to inform bluetooth or to be informed by bluetooth the events or the schedule, then drive WiFi networking on the rule of priority
•Bluetooth Side
–Handshake by wires to inform WiFi or to be informed by WiFi the events or the schedule, then drive bluetooth communications on the rule of priority

Power-Saving Wakeup

•Client Side
–Client WiFi PHY/MAC wakes up slept Host CPU via host SDIO or customer GPIO interfaces
•Host Side
–Host CPU wakes up slept Client WiFi PHY/MAC via host SDIO or customer GPIO interfaces

連續波vs.脈衝波

•類比廣播電台(Broadcast Base Station)多發射連續波
•數位無線電基地台(Wireless Base Station)多發射脈衝波
•如連續波(Continuous Waves)與脈衝波(Pulsed Waves)之峰值功率相同，則前者之平均功率較高，高平均功率波對其他需相容(Compatible)設備或需接近人員，能產生具破壞或傷害性的熱效應(Thermal Effect)
•如脈衝波(Pulsed Waves)與連續波(Continuous Waves)之平均功率相同，則前者之峰值功率較高；高峰值功率波對其他需相容(Compatible)設備或需接近人員，可能產生更具破壞或傷害性的燒穿或熱擊效應(Burn-Through or Thermal Shock Effect)

基地台有關輻射傷害效應、輻射安全檢查、以及輻射防護措施之三項迷思

•迷思一：僅比對安全功率密度足以保障全部輻射安全
–安全功率密度值對熱效應以外之傷害不足以提供限制條件
–安全磁通密度值較能對細胞染色體病變之傷害提供限制條件
–相對而言，電場強度及功率密度對人體較具物理效應，磁通密度較具生化效應
•迷思二：可以由所有功率密度測量值正確導出磁通密度，進而可以比對安全磁通密度值
–真正功率密度測量儀器之感測器應直接感測輻射熱效應，並轉換為功率密度值讀出，理論上分析電場與磁場個別成分困難，故由功率密度測量值無法正確還原磁通密度值
–部份高頻功率密度測量儀器之感測器或天線以感測電場強度為主，測量所得功率密度值不含磁通密度因子，故由功率密度測量值較難還原磁通密度值
–部份低頻功率密度測量儀器之感測器或天線以感測磁通密度為主，測量所得功率密度值含磁通密度因子，故由功率密度測量值還原磁通密度值可行
•迷思三：僅比對功率密度測量值，足以評估屏蔽體對電場強度暨對磁通密度之雙重隔離效果
–屏蔽體與吸收體一樣都有隔離效果
–屏蔽體對電場強度暨對磁通密度隔離效果有別，一般銅板銅網隔離電場有效，鐵板鐵網隔離隔離磁場有效，合金、鍍金、或包金材料效果折中
–不漏電不保證不漏磁，反之亦然，故為正確評估隔離屏蔽，必須同時比對安全功率密度，以及比對磁通密度

基地台改善及防護措施效果評估

•改善措施
–天線方位調大60°，衰減效果改善10times or 10dB
–天線方位調大90°，衰減效果改善100times or 20dB
–天線距離調遠3.16times ，衰減效果改善10times or 10dB
–天線距離調遠10times ，衰減效果改善100times or 20dB
•防護措施
–增設一層吸收體，隔離效果增添10times or 10dB防護
–增設一層屏蔽體，隔離效果增添100times or 20dB防護

基地台自由空間輻射安全距離

•假設發射功率輸出為
–Po=43dBm=13dBW=2,000mW=20W
•假設發射天線增益為
–G=14dBi=25.1times (@900MHz)
–G=17dBi=50.1times (@1,800MHz)
•假設天線斜視損失為
–A=0dB=1times (@bore-sight in horizontal plane)
–A=3dB=2times (@±32.5°off bore-sight in horizontal plane)
–A=10dB=10times (@±60°off bore-sight in horizontal plane)
–A=20dB=100times (@±120°off bore-sight in horizontal plane)
•自由空間條件
–發射體周圍、接收體周圍、及發射體至接收體有效路逕以空氣為介質，且均無遮蔽物、反射物、折射物、繞射物、散射物
•輻射遠場與輻射近場條件(反之為感應近場條件)
–R>l/2p=(3e8/900e6)/(2x3.14159)=0.0531m (@900MHz)
–R>l/2p=(3e8/1800e6)/(2x3.14159)=0.0265m (@1,800MHz)
•計算自由空間輻射遠場與輻射近場之安全距離為
–R=[(30xPoxG/A)^(1/2)]/E=[(30x20x25.1/1)^(1/2)]/41.2=2.98m (@900MHz and bore-sight)
–R=[(30xPoxG/A)^(1/2)]/E=[(30x20x25.1/2)^(1/2)]/41.2=2.11m (@900MHz and ±32.5°off bore-sight)
–R=[(30xPoxG/A)^(1/2)]/E=[(30x20x25.1/10)^(1/2)]/41.2=0.943m (@900MHz and ±60°off bore-sight)
–R=[(30xPoxG/A)^(1/2)]/E=[(30x20x25.1/100)^(1/2)]/41.2=0.298m (@900MHz and ±90°off bore-sight)
–R=[(30xPoxG/A)^(1/2)]/E=[(30x20x50.1/1)^(1/2)]/58.2=2.98m (@1,800MHz and bore-sight)
–R=[(30xPoxG/A)^(1/2)]/E=[(30x20x50.1/2)^(1/2)]/58.2=2.11m (@1,800MHz and ±32.5°off bore-sight)
–R=[(30xPoxG/A)^(1/2)]/E=[(30x20x50.1/10)^(1/2)]/58.2=0.943m (@1,800MHz and ±60°off bore-sight)
–R=[(30xPoxG/A)^(1/2)]/E=[(30x20x50.1/100)^(1/2)]/58.2=0.298m (@1,800MHz and ±90°off bore-sight)

基地台自由空間輻射路逕損失

•自由空間條件
–發射體周圍、接收體周圍、及發射體至接收體有效路逕以空氣為介質，且均無遮蔽物、反射物、折射物、繞射物、散射物
•輻射遠場與輻射近場條件(反之為感應近場條件)
–R>l/2p=(3e8/900e6)/(2x3.14159)=0.0531m (@900MHz)
–R>l/2p=(3e8/1800e6)/(2x3.14159)=0.0265m (@1,800MHz)
•自由空間輻射路逕損失
–L=(4pR/l)^2=[4x3.14159x0.0531/(3e8/900e6)]^2=4.01=6.03dB (@900MHz and R=0.0531m)
–L=(4pR/l)^2=[4x3.14159x0.1062/(3e8/900e6)]^2=16.03=12.05dB (@900MHz and R=0.0531x2=0.1062m)
–L=(4pR/l)^2=[4x3.14159x0.531/(3e8/900e6)]^2=400.7=26.03dB (@900MHz and R=0.0531x10=0.531m)
–L=(4pR/l)^2=[4x3.14159x0.0265/(3e8/1800e6)]^2=3.992=6.01dB (@1800MHz and R=0.0265m)
–L=(4pR/l)^2=[4x3.14159x0.0531/(3e8/1800e6)]^2=16.03=12.05dB (@1800MHz and R=0.0265x2=0.0531m)
–L=(4pR/l)^2=[4x3.14159x0.265/(3e8/1800e6)]^2=399.2=26.01dB (@1800MHz and R=0.0265x10=0.265m)
•結論
–輻射與感應臨界點路逕損失為4times or 6dB
–路逕增減兩倍損失增減4times or 6dB
–路逕增減十倍損失增減100times or 20dB

基地台自由空間安全場強與通密

•假設安全功率密度為
–Pd=0.45mW/cm^2=4.5W/m^2 (@900MHz)
–Pd=0.9mW/cm^2=9W/m^2 (@1,800MHz)
•假設自由空間permittivity為
–e=8.854e-12f/m
•假設自由空間permeability為
–m=1.257e-6h/m
•假設自由空間特性阻抗為
–h=(m/e)^(1/2)=377W
•自由空間條件
–空間以空氣為介質
•計算自由空間安全電場強度為
–E=(Pdxh)^(1/2)=(4.5x377)^(1/2)=41.2V/m (@900MHz)
–E=(Pdxh)^(1/2)=(9x377)^(1/2)=58.2V/m (@1,800MHz)
•計算自由空間安全磁場強度為
–H=(Pd/h)^(1/2)=(4.5/377)^(1/2)=0.109A/m (@900MHz)
–H=(Pd/h)^(1/2)=(9/377)^(1/2)=0.155A/m (@1,800MHz)
•計算自由空間安全電通密度為
–D=exE=8.854e-12x41.2=0.365nCoulomb/m^2 (@900MHz)
–D=exE=8.854e-12x58.2=0.515nCoulomb/m^2 (@1,800MHz)
•計算自由空間安全磁通密度為
–B=mxH=1.257e-6x0.109=0.136mWeber/m^2=0.136mTesla=1.36mGauss (@900MHz)
–B=mxH=1.257e-6x0.155=0.195mWeber/m^2=0.195mTesla=1.95mGauss (@1,800MHz)

基地台扇形天線軸向 (Sectored Antenna Bore-sight)

•正前方
–大於半功率(3dB)函蓋範圍
–水平面約65°
–垂直面約6.5°
•扇形責任區前方
–大於十分之一功率(10dB)函蓋範圍
–水平面約120°
–垂直面約12°
•有效前方
–大於百分之一功率(20dB)函蓋範圍
–水平面約180°
–垂直面約18°/主波束(或65°~120°/主波束附帶旁波葉)

無線電基地台廢台協調服務需求

•工程資料與現場解說
•法規與案例謬誤引據糾正
•醫學文獻與報導謬誤引據糾正
•測試結果謬誤引據糾正
•勘查舉證及建議
•移機成功機率評估
•改善措施效益評估

無線電基地台建台協調服務需求

•偽裝(Conforming)美化(Beatifying)兩用(Dual-use)工程規劃咨詢
•改善工程規劃咨詢
•法規與案例釋疑
•醫學文獻與報導釋疑
•測試結果釋疑
•心理輔導

The Relative Radiating Powers from Cellular Phone(手機) and its Base-station(基地台)

•The relative radiating power of a near base-station is higher than that of a far base-station
•The relative radiating power of mobile-station (cellular phone) is stronger than that of base-station
•The relative radiating power of mobile-station while connecting with a far base-station is stronger than with a near base-station
•The relative radiating powers of mobile-station while searching for (during just switching on) or acquiring (during handover) a new base-station (with the scale of 1,000mGuass and greater) are higher than while connecting with (during well handoff) an old base-station (with the scale of 10mGuass and greater)

What do we learn from the history of TV, PC and Telephone?

•TV and TV Remote-controller
–versus MDTV
•PC plus PC Side-show
–versus UMPC
•Telephone and Cordless Telephone
–versus Mobile-telephone

Is SiP ready to go broadband applications?

•Who can provide flip-chip chipset for 802.11n (or High-throughput-WiFi) now?
•Who can provide flip-chip chipset for 802.16e (or Mobile-WiMAX) now?
•Who can provide flip-chip chipset for UWB, former 802.15.3a (or Wireless-USB, WiNET of WiMedia, Bluetooth 3.0) now?

Do you think UWB+802.11n+802.16e SoB Combo module works for Portable or Mobile PCs?

•All are broadband?
•All are wireless?
•Cover all areas? WPAN plus WLAN plus WMAN?

Chip mounting technologies for SiP module

•QFN-Packaged-Chip-on-Board
•LGA-Packaged-Chip-on-Board
•BGA-Packaged-Chip-on-Board
•Chip-Scale-Package-Chip-on-Board
•Wire-Bounded-Chip-on-Board
•Flip-Chip-on-Board

科學勘查與化解 (二)

•儀器間接量測法 (Indirect Method to Test)
–Site I (Chamber)
•Testing sensor
•Testing cable
•Directional coupler
•Attenuator
•Testing instrument to measure power from directional coupler by testing sensor
–Site II (Field)
•Testing antenna
•Testing transmission-line
•Testing instrument to measure power density from space by testing antenna (suppose that the sensitivity of the instrument which can measure power density is better than that of the instrument which can measure power directly)
–Procedure
•Measure the first power density at site II-1 and derive the regarding first power
•Measure the corresponding power from directional coupler at site I, calculate the first power referring to site II-1, and record the first power difference between two measurements
•Monitor the second power density at site II-2, adjust attenuator at site I such that the second power density at site II-2 is equal to the first power density at site II-2, read the corresponding power from directional coupler at site I, and record the attenuation offset from attenuator
•The second power is equal to the first power offset by attenuation and with tolerance of that first power difference
•Error analysis: if the environments of site II-1 and II-2 are totally different, then calculation using same rule-of-thumb propagation model for site II-1 and II-2 may generate big error.
•儀器比較量測法 (Comparison Method to Test)
–Reference emitter for comparison
–Reference isolator for comparison
–Error analysis: if any of reference emitter and/or reference isolator are not well calibrated, then the measurement which uses any may generate error.

科學勘查與化解 (一)

•公式計算法 (Calculation Method)
–Antenna gain of the emitter under test
–Isolator attenuation
–Transmission-line loss of the emitter under test
–Transmitting output power of the emitter under test
–Propagation loss
–Calculate individual power by using rule-of-thumb propagation model
–Summate the powers
–Error analysis: Using wrong propagation model may generate error.
•儀器直接量測法 (Direct Method to Test)
–Testing sensor or antenna
–Testing cable or transmission-line
–Testing instrument to measure power or power density from testing sensor or antenna
–Measure individual powers, or measure individual power densities and derive respective powers from them
–Summate the powers
–Subtract of the power without isolation from the power with isolation
–Error analysis: if either the sensitivity of power test instrument is not sufficient or if the resolution of power density test instrument is not sufficient, then the measurement which uses either one may generate error.

RF Power Measurements of Multiple Peaks

•Power-meter
–Watt=Average Power
–Power threshold
•Spectrum Analyzer
–Watt/Hz=Power Density over Frequency=Frequency Domain Peak Power
–Summation of Watt/Hz of most significant frequencies resolved=Average Power
–Power frequency-spectrum mask
•Waveform Analyzer
–Watt/us=Power Density over Time=Time Domain Peak Power
–Summation of Watt/us of most significant times resolved=Average Power
–Power time-waveform mask
•2D Pattern Analyzer
–Watt/degree=Power Density over Angle=Angle Domain Peak Power
–Summation of Watt/degree of most significant angles resolved=Average Power
–Power angle-pattern mask
•3D Pattern Analyzer
–Watt/steradian=Power Density over Solid-angle =Solid-angle Domain Peak Power
–Summation of Watt/steradian of most significant solid-angles resolved=Average Power
–Power solid-angle-pattern mask
•Radiometer
–Watt/meter-square=Power Density over Unit-area=Space Domain Peak Power
–Summation of Watt/meter-square of most significant unit-areas resolved=Average Power
–Power Density threshold

RF Power Measurements of Complicated Peak

•Power-meter
–Watt=Average Power
–Power threshold
•Spectrum Analyzer
–Watt/Hz=Power Density over Frequency=Frequency Domain Peak Power
–Summation of Watt/Hz of every resolvable frequencies=Average Power
–Power frequency-spectrum mask
•Waveform Analyzer
–Watt/us=Power Density over Time=Time Domain Peak Power
–Summation of Watt/us of every resolvable times=Average Power
–Power time-waveform mask
•2D Pattern Analyzer
–Watt/degree=Power Density over Angle=Angle Domain Peak Power
–Summation of Watt/degree of every resolvable angles=Average Power
–Power angle-pattern mask
•3D Pattern Analyzer
–Watt/steradian=Power Density over Solid-angle =Solid-angle Domain Peak Power
–Summation of Watt/steradian of every resolvable solid-angles=Average Power
–Power solid-angle-pattern mask
•Radiometer
–Watt/meter-square=Power Density over Unit-area=Space Domain Peak Power
–Summation of Watt/meter-square of every resolvable unit-areas=Average Power
–Power Density threshold

地理學的科學觀、禮教觀及宗教觀

•科學觀
–說理的
•禮教觀
–規勸的
•宗教觀
–嚇阻的

無線電基地台本台風水學實務：勘查與化解

•Antenna Box (天線箱)
–Antenna (天線)
•天線無防水，凶
•天線無防水，吉
–Distance (距離)
•天線近處有阻擋，凶 (化解：加裝金屬反射板或雙層金屬反射網)
•天線近處無阻擋，吉
•天線遠近處均有阻擋，大凶
•天線遠近處均無阻擋，大吉
–Azimuth (方位)
•天線水平軸向前方有阻擋，凶 (化解：加裝金屬反射板或雙層金屬反射網)
•天線水平軸向前方無阻擋，吉
•天線水平全向均有阻擋，大凶
•天線水平全向均無阻擋，大吉
–Elevation (俯仰)
•天線垂直軸向前方有阻擋，凶 (化解：加裝金屬反射板或雙層金屬反射網)
•天線垂直軸向前方無阻擋，吉
–Right Above or Right Under (正上方或正下方)
•天線正下方處有阻擋，吉帶凶
•天線正下方處無阻擋，吉
•天線正上方處有阻擋，吉帶凶
•天線正上方處無阻擋，吉
•Transmission Line Tube (傳輸線漕)
–Transmission Line (傳輸線)
•傳輸線長，凶
•傳輸線短，吉
•Radio Equipment Chamber (無線電裝備室)
–Radio Equipment (無線電裝備)
•無線電裝備無空調，凶
•無線電裝備有空調，吉